Read-only routing with PGD Proxy v5
Background
By default, PGD Proxy routes connections to the currently selected write leader in the cluster. This allows the write traffic conflicts to be rapidly and consistently resolved. Just routing everything to a single node, the write leader, is a natural fit for traditional high-availability deployments where system throughput is typically limited to the throughput of what a single node can handle.
But for some use cases, this behavior also means that clients that are only querying the data are also placing a load on the current write leader. It's possible this read-only workload could be equally well served by one of the non-write-leader nodes in the cluster.
If you could move traffic that has read-only queries to the non-write leader nodes, you could, at least in theory, handle a throughput which could be a multiple of a single nodes capability. An approach like this, though, usually requires changes to applications so that they are aware of details of cluster topology and the current node status to detect the write leader.
Read-only routing in PGD Proxy
From PGD 5.5.0, PGD Proxy addresses this requirement to utilize read capacity while minimizing application exposure to the cluster status. It does this by offering a new read_listen_port on proxies that complement the existing listen port. Proxies can be configured with either or both of these ports.
When a proxy is configured with a read_listen_port, connections to that particular port are routed to available data nodes that aren't the current write leader. If an application only queries and reads from the database, using a read_listen_port ensures that your queries aren't answered by the write leader.
Because PGD Proxy is a TCP Layer 4 proxy, it doesn't interfere with traffic passing through it. That means that it can't detect attempts to write passing through the read_listen_port connections. As it can't distinguish between a SELECT or an INSERT, it's possible to write through a read-only port.
The active-active nature of PGD means that any write operation will be performed and replicated, and conflict resolution may or may not have to take place. It's up to the application to avoid this and make sure that it uses only read_listen_ports for read-only traffic.
Where available, the problem can be mitigated on the client side by passing default_transaction_read_only=on in the connection string or equivalent for the driver in use.
Valid read-only nodes
Only data nodes that aren't the write leader are valid as read-only nodes. For reference, the following node types aren't eligible to be a read-only node:
- Witness nodes, because they don't contain data
- Logical standbys, because they're standbys and prioritize replicating
- Subscriber-only nodes
Creating a proxy configuration
SQL proxy creation functions in PGD take an optional proxy_mode parameter. You can set this parameter to one of the following values:
default— This is the default value. It creates a proxy that can handle traffic that follows the write leader on port 6432.read-only— This option creates a read-only proxy that routes traffic to nodes that aren't the write leader. It handles this read-only traffic only on port 6433.any— This option creates create a proxy that can handle both read-only and write-leader-following traffic on separate ports: 6432 for write-leader-following traffic and 6433 for read-only traffic.
PGD CLI proxy creation passes the proxy_mode value using the --proxy-mode flag.
Creating a read-only proxy
Using SQL
To create a new read-only proxy, use the bdr.create_proxy function:
SELECT bdr.create_proxy('proxy-ro1','group-a','read-only');
This command creates a read-only proxy named proxy-ro1 in group group-a. By default, it listens on port 6433 for read-only traffic.
Using PGD CLI
To create a new read-only proxy, use the pgd create-proxy command with the optional --proxy-mode flag set to read-only:
pgd create-proxy --proxy-name proxy-ro1 --node-group group-a --proxy-mode read-only
Configuring running proxies
Note
After changing a proxy's configuration, restart the proxy to make the changes take effect.
You activate read-only routing on a proxy by setting the read_listen_port option to a port number. This port number is the port on which the proxy will listen for read-only traffic.
If the proxy already has a listen_port set, then the proxy will listen on both ports, routing read/write and read-only traffic respectively on each port.
This is equivalent to creating a proxy with proxy-mode set to any.
If you set a read_listen_port on a proxy and then set the listen_port to 0, the proxy listens only on the read_listen_port and routes only read-only traffic.
This is equivalent to creating a proxy with proxy-mode set to read-only.
The configuration elements related to the read/write port are cleared (set to null).
If you set a listen_port on a proxy and then set the read_listen_port to 0, the proxy listens only on the listen_port and routes only read/write traffic.
This is equivalent to creating a proxy with proxy-mode set to default.
The configuration elements related to the read-only port are cleared (set to null).
Configuring using SQL
To configure a read-only proxy port on a proxy, use the bdr.alter_proxy_options function:
SELECT bdr.alter_proxy_options('proxy-a1','read_listen_port','6433');
This command configures a read-only proxy port on port 6433 in the proxy-a1 configuration.
To remove the read-only proxy, set the port to 0:
SELECT bdr.alter_proxy_options('proxy-a1','read_listen_port','0');
Configuring using PGD CLI
To configure a read-only proxy port on a proxy, use the pgd alter-proxy command:
pgd set-proxy-options --proxy-name proxy-a1 --option read_listen_port=6433
This command configures a read-only proxy port on port 6433 in the proxy-a1 configuration.
To remove the read-only proxy, set the port to 0:
pgd set-proxy-options --proxy-name proxy-a1 --option read_listen_port=0